Pinecone
面向生产级 AI 应用的托管向量数据库。全托管、自动扩缩容,支持混合搜索(稠密 + 稀疏向量)、元数据过滤和命名空间。低延迟(<100ms p95)。适用于生产级 RAG、推荐系统或大规模语义搜索。最适合 serverless(无服务器)托管基础设施。
Skill 元数据
| 来源 | 可选 — 通过 aigenlabs skills install official/mlops/pinecone 安装 |
| 路径 | optional-skills/mlops/pinecone |
| 版本 | 1.0.0 |
| 作者 | Orchestra Research |
| 许可证 | MIT |
| 依赖 | pinecone-client |
| 平台 | linux, macos, windows |
| 标签 | RAG, Pinecone, Vector Database, Managed Service, Serverless, Hybrid Search, Production, Auto-Scaling, Low Latency, Recommendations |
参考:完整 SKILL.md
信息
以下是 AigenLabs 在触发此 skill 时加载的完整 skill 定义。这是 skill 激活时 agent 所看到的指令内容。
Pinecone - 托管向量数据库
面向生产级 AI 应用的向量数据库。
何时使用 Pinecone
适用场景:
- 需要托管的 serverless 向量数据库
- 生产级 RAG 应用
- 需要自动扩缩容
- 对低延迟有严格要求(<100ms)
- 不想自行管理基础设施
- 需要混合搜索(稠密 + 稀疏向量)
指标:
- 全托管 SaaS
- 自动扩缩容至数十亿向量
- p95 延迟 <100ms
- 99.9% 正常运行时间 SLA
改用其他方案的场景:
- Chroma:自托管、开源
- FAISS:离线、纯相似度搜索
- Weaviate:自托管、功能更丰富
快速开始
安装
pip install pinecone-client
基本用法
from pinecone import Pinecone, ServerlessSpec
# Initialize
pc = Pinecone(api_key="your-api-key")
# Create index
pc.create_index(
name="my-index",
dimension=1536, # Must match embedding dimension
metric="cosine", # or "euclidean", "dotproduct"
spec=ServerlessSpec(cloud="aws", region="us-east-1")
)
# Connect to index
index = pc.Index("my-index")
# Upsert vectors
index.upsert(vectors=[
{"id": "vec1", "values": [0.1, 0.2, ...], "metadata": {"category": "A"}},
{"id": "vec2", "values": [0.3, 0.4, ...], "metadata": {"category": "B"}}
])
# Query
results = index.query(
vector=[0.1, 0.2, ...],
top_k=5,
include_metadata=True
)
print(results["matches"])
核心操作
创建索引
# Serverless (recommended)
pc.create_index(
name="my-index",
dimension=1536,
metric="cosine",
spec=ServerlessSpec(
cloud="aws", # or "gcp", "azure"
region="us-east-1"
)
)
# Pod-based (for consistent performance)
from pinecone import PodSpec
pc.create_index(
name="my-index",
dimension=1536,
metric="cosine",
spec=PodSpec(
environment="us-east1-gcp",
pod_type="p1.x1"
)
)
插入向量(Upsert)
# Single upsert
index.upsert(vectors=[
{
"id": "doc1",
"values": [0.1, 0.2, ...], # 1536 dimensions
"metadata": {
"text": "Document content",
"category": "tutorial",
"timestamp": "2025-01-01"
}
}
])
# Batch upsert (recommended)
vectors = [
{"id": f"vec{i}", "values": embedding, "metadata": metadata}
for i, (embedding, metadata) in enumerate(zip(embeddings, metadatas))
]
index.upsert(vectors=vectors, batch_size=100)
查询向量
# Basic query
results = index.query(
vector=[0.1, 0.2, ...],
top_k=10,
include_metadata=True,
include_values=False
)
# With metadata filtering
results = index.query(
vector=[0.1, 0.2, ...],
top_k=5,
filter={"category": {"$eq": "tutorial"}}
)
# Namespace query
results = index.query(
vector=[0.1, 0.2, ...],
top_k=5,
namespace="production"
)
# Access results
for match in results["matches"]:
print(f"ID: {match['id']}")
print(f"Score: {match['score']}")
print(f"Metadata: {match['metadata']}")
元数据过滤
# Exact match
filter = {"category": "tutorial"}
# Comparison
filter = {"price": {"$gte": 100}} # $gt, $gte, $lt, $lte, $ne
# Logical operators
filter = {
"$and": [
{"category": "tutorial"},
{"difficulty": {"$lte": 3}}
]
} # Also: $or
# In operator
filter = {"tags": {"$in": ["python", "ml"]}}
命名空间
# Partition data by namespace
index.upsert(
vectors=[{"id": "vec1", "values": [...]}],
namespace="user-123"
)
# Query specific namespace
results = index.query(
vector=[...],
namespace="user-123",
top_k=5
)
# List namespaces
stats = index.describe_index_stats()
print(stats['namespaces'])
混合搜索(稠密 + 稀疏向量)
# Upsert with sparse vectors
index.upsert(vectors=[
{
"id": "doc1",
"values": [0.1, 0.2, ...], # Dense vector
"sparse_values": {
"indices": [10, 45, 123], # Token IDs
"values": [0.5, 0.3, 0.8] # TF-IDF scores
},
"metadata": {"text": "..."}
}
])
# Hybrid query
results = index.query(
vector=[0.1, 0.2, ...],
sparse_vector={
"indices": [10, 45],
"values": [0.5, 0.3]
},
top_k=5,
alpha=0.5 # 0=sparse, 1=dense, 0.5=hybrid
)
LangChain 集成
from langchain_pinecone import PineconeVectorStore
from langchain_openai import OpenAIEmbeddings
# Create vector store
vectorstore = PineconeVectorStore.from_documents(
documents=docs,
embedding=OpenAIEmbeddings(),
index_name="my-index"
)
# Query
results = vectorstore.similarity_search("query", k=5)
# With metadata filter
results = vectorstore.similarity_search(
"query",
k=5,
filter={"category": "tutorial"}
)
# As retriever
retriever = vectorstore.as_retriever(search_kwargs={"k": 10})
LlamaIndex 集成
from llama_index.vector_stores.pinecone import PineconeVectorStore
# Connect to Pinecone
pc = Pinecone(api_key="your-key")
pinecone_index = pc.Index("my-index")
# Create vector store
vector_store = PineconeVectorStore(pinecone_index=pinecone_index)
# Use in LlamaIndex
from llama_index.core import StorageContext, VectorStoreIndex
storage_context = StorageContext.from_defaults(vector_store=vector_store)
index = VectorStoreIndex.from_documents(documents, storage_context=storage_context)
索引管理
# List indices
indexes = pc.list_indexes()
# Describe index
index_info = pc.describe_index("my-index")
print(index_info)
# Get index stats
stats = index.describe_index_stats()
print(f"Total vectors: {stats['total_vector_count']}")
print(f"Namespaces: {stats['namespaces']}")
# Delete index
pc.delete_index("my-index")
删除向量
# Delete by ID
index.delete(ids=["vec1", "vec2"])
# Delete by filter
index.delete(filter={"category": "old"})
# Delete all in namespace
index.delete(delete_all=True, namespace="test")
# Delete entire index
index.delete(delete_all=True)
最佳实践
- 使用 serverless — 自动扩缩容,成本效益高
- 批量 upsert — 效率更高(每批 100-200 条)
- 添加元数据 — 启用过滤功能
- 使用命名空间 — 按用户/租户隔离数据
- 监控用量 — 查看 Pinecone 控制台
- 优化过滤器 — 对频繁过滤的字段建立索引
- 用免费套餐测试 — 1 个索引,10 万向量免费
- 使用混合搜索 — 质量更优
- 设置合适的维度 — 与 embedding 模型匹配
- 定期备份 — 导出重要数据
性能
| 操作 | 延迟 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|
| Upsert | ~50-100ms | 每批次 |
| 查询(p50) | ~50ms | 取决于索引大小 |
| 查询(p95) | ~100ms | SLA 目标 |
| 元数据过滤 | ~+10-20ms | 额外开销 |
定价(截至 2025 年)
Serverless:
- 每百万读取单元 $0.096
- 每百万写入单元 $0.06
- 每 GB 存储/月 $0.06
免费套餐:
- 1 个 serverless 索引
- 10 万向量(1536 维)
- 非常适合原型开发